Czech: from a pet form of the personal name
Václav, Old Czech Vęceslav (cognate with Polish
Więcesław, Latinized as Wenceslas).
It is composed of the Old Slavic elements
viece ‘greater’
+ slav ‘glory’.
It was borne by a 10th-century duke of Bohemia who fought against a
revival of paganism in his territory,
and after his death became patron saint of
Bohemia.
Wendelest
un prénom d'origine écossaise (saint Wendel ou Wendelin établi auvie siècle
dans la région deTrèves,
mais aussi la ville allemande deSankt-Wendeldans
laSarre).
A
popular symbol in heraldry the
Serpent has always been a symbolical
Deity, because it feeds upon its own body. It's been used since
antiquity as a symbol of healing because when old, it has the power
of growing young again, by shedding its skin. It was sacred to
Aesculapius, and was supposed to have the power of discovering
healing herbs. The ancient Greeks and Romans revered the symbol as a
guardian spirit; a noted symbol of wisdom, cunning and sagacity.
Zastaw - ograniczone prawo rzeczowe, ustanawiane w celu zabezpieczenia
wierzytelności. Najważniejszą cechą zastawu jest to, że może być
ustanowiony jedynie ...
Anne of Austria (16 August 1573 – 10 February 1598) was queen consort of
Poland and Sweden. Contents. 1 Biography. 1.1 Issue. 2 Ancestors; 3
Gallery ...
John III (Swedish: Johan III, Finnish: Juhana III) (20 December 1537 –
17 November 1592) was King of Sweden from 1568 until his death. He was
the son of ...
Czech: from a pet form
of the personal nameVáclav,
Old CzechVęceslav(cognate
with PolishWięcesław,
Latinized asWenceslas).
It is composed of the
Old Slavic elementsviece‘greater’
+slav‘glory’.
It was borne by a 10th-century duke ofBohemiawho
fought against a revival of paganism in his territory,
LesPolanes(enpolonaisPolanie,
littéralement «peuple de la plaine») étaient une tribuslavequi
s’était fixée sur les rives de laWartaauVIIIesiècle.
Ils vivaient principalement de l’agriculture et se disputaient les
terres avec destribus
germaniques.
Les Polanes sont mentionnés par leGéographe
bavaroisdans la
première moitié duixe siècle.
Le nom vient de « pole », qui désigne un champ. Ce sont des
agriculteurs dans un pays largement déboisé où les clairières
culturales (polana) sont importantes. Le géographe distingue lesGoplanes,
de la région du lac Goplo près deKruszwica,
et lesLendizi,
entreGnieznoetLąd,
sur laWarta.
Les fouilles archéologiques pratiquées à Gniezno ont permis de
dater la première enceinte de la première moitié duixe siècle,
par la découverte de monnaies arabes, premier signe d’un commerce
lointain. Les deux tribus semblent s’être battues pour la
domination de la région. Le géographe leur attribue à l’une
400 et
à l’autre 98civitates,
cescastradont
les remparts protégeaient essentiellement le château, résidence du
chef et de sa famille, tandis qu’une seconde enceinte servait de
refuge aux paysans en cas de danger et de lieu de marché.
Un auteur anonyme,Gallus
Anonymus(débutxiie siècle),
écrivit de nombreuses légendes sur les événements du règne d’un
certain princePopiel.
Il raconte l’arrivée à Gniezno de deux pèlerins qui multiplièrent
les miracles à l’époque oùCyrille
et Méthodearrivaient
enMoravie.
Il s’agit peut-être d’une allusion à l’aide que les Polanes
reçurent desMoravesdans
leur lutte contre les Goplanes. En effet, le domaine des Polanes
s’étend auixe siècle
vers le nord-est (Mazovie),
vers le Nord (Poméranie),
mais non vers le sud.
À la fin duIXesiècle,
la plus grande partie des tribus slaves vivant dans un territoire
délimité par l’Oder,
leBug,
lesCarpateset
lamer
Baltique, était sous la domination des Polanes.
LeGéographe
bavarois(v.845)
rapporte que les Goplanes (Glopeani)contrôlaient
400 forts dans la première moitié duixe siècleet
que Kruszwica était leur capitale. L’existence des Goplanes est
très controversée car aucune autre source ne confirme leur
existence..
Selon laChronique
de Grande-Pologne(fin
duxiiie siècle-xive siècle),
Kruszwica était la capitale desPolaneset
non des Goplanes. Dans saDescriptio
civitatum et regionum ad septentrionalem plagam Danubii, le
Géographe bavarois ne mentionne pas les Polanes. Certains
historiens émettent l’hypothèse que les Polanes etGnieznose
trouvaient sous l’autorité des Goplanes sur lesquels régnait un
certainPopiel.
Celui-ci aurait été renversé par les Polanes qui auraient obtenu
leur indépendance avecPiast,
ou son filsSiemovit,
comme chef. D’autres historiens réfutent cette hypothèse en se
basant sur lachroniquedeGallus
Anonymusqui évoque
Gniezno comme capitale de Popiel.
En Cujavie, on ne trouve aucune trace des Goplanes dans latoponymie.
Les données archéologiques confirment la présence d’une puissante
tribu slave dans la région de Gopło mais les fouilles à Kruszwica
n’ont jamais permis de trouver des indices sur la présence d’un
fort auviie siècleou
auixe siècle.
Par contre, àMietlica,
une localité pas très éloignée de Kruszwica, les archéologues ont
pu mettre au jour les restes d’un ancien fort qui jouait le rôle
de capitale d’une tribu.
Une hypothèse récente avance que le nomGlopeanine
faisait pas référence à la tribu des Goplanes mais à celle des
Glapians qui auraient vécu dans la région de la hauteWarta.
n Przemysła Nosaka, zmarł 1406 r. Przemysł Nosak, książę
cieszyński, syn Kazimierza I...Przemysł,
książę toszecki, syn Kazimierza oświęcimskiego, zmarł 1484 r. Racibor,
kanonik wrocławski (1237 r.....
Po
wygaśnięciu tej linii Piastów miasto odziedziczyliksiążęta
oświęcimscy.
W 1475 r. książę Henryk nadał
Gliwicom prawo magdeburskie i przywileje
prowadzenia handlu chmielem, co razem z piwo- warstwem stało się głównym
źródłem rozkwitu......
1454 księstwooświęcimskiestało
się lennem polskim, po czym w r. 1456 wykupiła je Polska z rąk księcia
Janaoświęcimskiego.
Podobnie w r. 1456książęzatorski
Wacław stał się lennikiem Polski, aw r.
1494 Polska wykupiła to księstwo...
książę
oświęcimski,
szwagier Jagiełły. Jan II (1375 — 1424), książę raciborski. Jan
czanadzki, biskup Zagrzebia w 1384 r. Jan Kropidło (1360 — 1421),
bratanek Władysława Opolczyka, biskup kujawski. Jan Wajdut (1364/1365—1402),...
1395książę
oświęcimskiJan
nazywa kapelanami wszystkich plebanów swojego księstwa 80. Niewątpliwie
w tym samym znaczeniu użyto określenia „kapelan" w dokumentach książąt
wielkopolskich w stosunku do opatów Heklina i Andrzeja z...
drugiej stronie odpoczywa także ciało w cnoty wielkie przybrane,
Eufrozyny, familiiksiążąt
oświęcimskich.
Za pulpitem w małym chórze jest grób marmurowy, kosztownie wystawiony od
ś. p. jm. księdza Wężyka,...
za ostatnichksiążąt
Oświęcimskich;
od których to księstwo przeszło wraz z
Żywcem 1457 do Polski. Turzec
przeszedł wtedy do Piotra Komorowskiego, Orawskiego i Liptowskiego grabi,
za straty w sprawie Rzeczypospolitej w Węgrzech...
Druga ziemia
Zatorska, ta używa Orła białego,
w błękitnym polu, a na piersiach jego litera Z. TrzeciaOświęcimska,
takiegoż nosi orła, tylko że czerwonego, a na piersiach jego litera O.
Obiedwie te ziemię kiedyś udzielne swojeksiążęta...
..ponieważ
częśćksiążątz
nimi się pogodziła i porozumiała, a część z nich dzierży miasta dla nich
[husytów],...książętaz
Raciborza,książęPrzemko
z Opawy iksiążęKazko
zOświęcimia,
i ten z Cieszyna (Teschen)zawarli z nimi pokój,...
Drugi obóz uformował się spośród mas drobnego rycerstwa, mieszczan
mniejszych miast i niektórychksiążąt,
głównie ze Śląska Opolskiego (Bolko IV i V Opolscy,książętacieszyńsko-oświęcimscy).
Reprezentowali oni łączność Śląska z...
¹ Coat of arms of the Duchy of Teschen and the regional
branch of thePiast
dynasty
TheDuchy of Cieszyn(Polish:Księstwo
Cieszyńskie) orDuchy
of Teschen(German:Herzogtum
Teschen) orDuchy
of Těšín(Czech:Těšínské
knížectví,Latin:Ducatus
Tessinensis) was an autonomousSilesian
duchycentered onTeschen(Cieszyn)
inUpper
Silesia. After thefeudal
division of Polandit was
split off in 1281 and ruled bySilesiandukes
from thePiast
dynastysince 1290.[1]The
Duchy of Teschen was also composed of smaller Duchies at various points
of time, such asOświęcimwhich
was split off around 1315, orZatorwhich
in turn split from the Duchy of Oświęcim in 1454.
Mieszko himself in 1202 occupied the neighbouringDuchy
of Opole, forming the united Duchy of Upper Silesia. After the death
of Mieszko's grandson DukeWładysław
Opolskiin 1281, Upper
Silesia was again divided among his sons, and the eldestMieszkobecame
the first Duke of Cieszyn in 1290.
After Mieszko's death in 1315, his eldest sonWładysławtook
the Cieszyn lands east of theBiałariver
and established theDuchy
of Oświęcim. The younger sonCasimir
Iretained the western
part and in 1327 sworehomageto
the King of Bohemia,John
of Luxembourg. After that Cieszyn became an autonomicfiefdomof
theBohemian
crown.[2]Local
Piast rulers often possessed other lands outside the Duchy of Teschen
itself, in some periods of time, for example theDuchy
of Siewierz, half ofGłogówand
some parts ofBytom.
Cieszyn: Piast castle tower
After the death of DukeBoleslaus
Iin 1431, the rule over
the duchy was shared by his wife Eufemia and their four sons.[3]In
1442 the duchy was divided between sons who were all formally Dukes of
Teschen but the real control over the duchy passed toBoleslaus
IIandPrzemyslaus
IIwho after the death of
Boleslaus II in 1452 ruled alone. During the reign of DukeWenceslaus
III Adamfrom 1528 on the
duchy shifted toProtestantismaccording
to thecuius
regio, eius religiorule.
His son and successorAdam
Wenceslausshifted back
toRoman
Catholicism. In 1572 theDuchy
of Bielskowas split from
the Duchy of Cieszyn.
The Cieszyn Piast's rule continued to 1653, ending with the death of the
last scion DuchessElizabeth
Lucretia, after which the duchy lapsed directly to the Kings of
Bohemia,[4]at
that timeFerdinand
IV of Habsburg.
Although most of Silesia had passed to theKingdom
of Prussiain 1742 after
theFirst
Silesian War, Teschen remained under Austrian control as part ofAustrian
Silesia. Albert and Maria Christina's marriage remained childless,
and upon the death of the widowed Albert in 1822 the duchy passed to
their adopted son,Archduke
Charles of Austria, who became Duke of Teschen and started the
Teschen branch of theHabsburg-LorraineDynasty.
The title passed down his line, first to his eldest son,Albert
Frederick, and then, in 1895, to Albert Frederick's nephew,Archduke
Frederick Maria.
With Austrian Silesia, the territory of Teschen became part of theAustrian
Empirein 1804 and aCisleithaniancrown
land ofAustria–Hungaryin
1867. At the end ofWorld
War Ithe duchy was
disestablished with the dissolution of Austria-Hungary.
Local Polish and Czech self-governments were established on the
territory of Cieszyn, which on 5 November 1918 signed an interim
agreement according to which the territory - including the town of
Cieszyn itself - was divided along theOlzariver.
The convention however failed to settle the border conflict between the
newly established state ofCzechoslovakiaand
theSecond
Polish Republicclaiming
further areas of the former Cieszyn duchy with a predominantlyPolishspeaking
population. The ongoing conflict escalated when Czechoslovak troops
crossed the Olza river on 23 January 1919 starting thePolish–Czechoslovak
War.
Clashes of arms endured until 31 January, from which none of the
belligerents could derive much of a benefit, as at the 1920Spa
Conferencethe division
of the former duchy along the Olza was confirmed. The eastern part of
Cieszyn Silesia was incorporated into the PolishAutonomous
Silesian Voivodeship, while the western part (includingZaolzieregion)
became part ofCzechoslovakia.
This was confirmed on 5 August 1920 by theConference
of Ambassadors.[5]
According to theAustriancensus
taken in 1910, the duchy had about 350,000 inhabitants, among them
(54.8%) Polish-speaking, (27.1%) Czech-speaking and (18.1%) German-speaking.[6]
Title page of the Constitution of the Duchy of Teschen, issued
by Wenceslaus III Adam, Duke of Teschen, in the year 1573. The
constitution was issued in the Czech Language.
^Decree of the
Conference of Ambassadors with regard to Teschen, Spisz and Orava,
dated Paris, August 5, 1920,League
of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 2, pp. 50-58
Nowak,
Krzysztof (2008). "Polskość i ruch narodowy". In Krzysztof Nowak.Pierwsza
Niepodległość. Cieszyn: Urząd Miejski Cieszyn. pp. 7–17.ISBN978-83-89835-40-6.
Žáček,
Rudolf (2004).Dějiny
Slezska v datech. Praha: Libri.ISBN80-7277-172-8.
Title page of the Constitution of the Duchy of Teschen, issued by
Wenceslaus III Adam, Duke of Teschen, in the year 1573. The constitution
was issued in the Czech Language.
It is situated in the heart of the historical region ofCieszyn
Silesia. Until the end ofWorld
War Iin 1918 it was
a seat of theDuchy
of Teschen. In 1920 Cieszyn Silesia was divided between the two
newly created states ofPolandandCzechoslovakia,
with the smaller western suburbs of Teschen becoming part of
Czechoslovakia as a new town calledČeský
Těšín. The larger part of the town joined Poland as Cieszyn.[1]
The town combines both Polish andAustrianpeculiarities
in the style of its buildings. Because of several major fires and
subsequent reconstructions (the last one in the late 18th century),
the picturesque old town is sometimes calledLittle
Vienna. The only relic of the ancient castle is a square tower,
dating from the 12th century and 10th centuryromanesquechapel.
The area has been populated bySlavicpeoples
since at least the 7th century. According to the legend, in 810
three sons of a prince – Bolko, Leszko and Cieszko, met here after a
long pilgrimage, found a spring, and decided to found a new
settlement. They called it Cieszyn, from the words "cieszym się",
"I'm happy". This well can be found at the ulica Trzech Braci ("Three
Brothers Street"), just west of the town square.[2][3]
The town was the capital of theDuchy
of Teschenand shared
its history throughout the ages. It was in Teschen whereMaria
TheresaandFrederick
IIsigned on 13 May
1779, theTeschen
Peace Treaty, which put an end to theWar
of the Bavarian Succession. Teschen was known for its national,
religious and cultural diversity, consisting mostly of German,
Polish, Jewish and Czech communities.[4]There
was also a small but livelyHungariancommunity
in the town consisting mostly of officers and clerks.[5]
According to theAustriancensus
of 1910 the town had 22,489 inhabitants. 13,254 (61.5%) were German-speaking,
6,832 (31.7%) were Polish-speaking and 1,437 (6.7%) were Czech-speaking.Jewswere
not allowed to declareYiddish,
most of them thus declared German as their native language. The most
populous religious groups wereRoman
Catholicswith 15,138
(67.3%), followed byProtestantswith
5,174 (23%) and theJewswith
2,112 (9.4%).[6]
The town was divided in July 1920, by theSpa
Conference, a body formed by theVersailles
Treaty, leaving a sizeablePolish
communityon the
Czechoslovak side. Its smaller westerns suburbs became what is now
the town ofČeský
Těšínin theCzech
Republic. Both towns were joined together again in October 1938
when Poland annexed theZaolziearea
together with Český Těšín. In 1939 whole Cieszyn Silesia was annexed
by German forces and during theWorld
War IIwas a part ofNazi
Germany. After the war, the border between Poland and
Czechoslovakia was restored to the one from 1920.
After Poland and the Czech Republic joined theEuropean
Unionand its
passport-freeSchengen
zone, border controls were abolished and residents of both the
Polish and Czech part can move freely across the border.
On 19 July 1970, five Polish firefighters from Cieszyn died, when a
bridge they were on fell into the Olza River, due to heavy flooding.
Since the 19th centuryCieszyn
Silesiahas been an
important centre of PolishProtestantism.
Currently Cieszyn is also the site of the Cieszyn Summer Film
Festival, one of the most influentialfilm
festivalsin Poland.
There is also an earlier established Czech-Polish-Slovak film
festival.
Cieszyn is an important centre of the electromechanical industry. It
is also the site of theOlza
Cieszynsweets
factory (where the famousPrince
Polowafersare
made) and theBrackie
Browar, whereŻywiec
Porteris brewed. The
main source of income for many citizens is trade with the nearbyCzech
Republicand retail
trade associated with transit across the two bridges over theOlzato
Český Těšín.
^Edmund
Jan Osmańczyk, Anthony Mango.Encyclopedia
of the United Nations and international agreements - Volume 1
A-F(2003 ed.).Taylor
& Francis. p. 382.ISBN0415939216.
Wawreczka, Henryk; Janusz Spyra and Mariusz Makowski (1999).Těšín,
Český Těšín na starých pohlednicích a fotografiích / Cieszyn,
Czeski Cieszyn na starych widokówkach i fotografiach. Nebory,
Třinec: Wart.ISBN80-238-4804-6.
After the death of his father in 1326, Bolko II succeeded him in
all his domains, but together with his younger brotherHenry
IIas co-ruler.
Because both princes were still in theirteenageyears,
they were at first aided by their two paternal uncles, DukesBolko
II of ZiębiceandHenry
I of Jawor, as well as their mother Kunigunde, who in 1328
remarried toRudolf
I, Duke ofSaxe-Wittenberg.
Through this union, Bolko II gained a half-brother, Mieszko of
Saxe-Wittenberg (b. ca. 1330 - d. 1350). Kunigunde died in 1331,
when Bolko II was able to rule by himself.
[edit]Attempts
to secure the Independence of his Duchy
One of the first problems that Bolko II had to face during the
first years of his personal reign was the preservation of theindependenceof
his small Duchy. It became a separate identity during thefragmentation
of Poland, not under the control of the Polish Kingdom, nor
by its other neighbors. In particular KingJohn
of Bohemia, hoped to gain control of the smallSilesianduchies.
The first serious attempt of King John to forced the Duke of
Świdnica to accepted his overlordship was made already in 1329.
He succeeded in gaining control of much of Silesia as almost all
the Piast rulers paid him homage. However, two of the Silesian
rulers strongly refused to became his vassals: Bolko II and his
brother-in-law (husband of his sisterConstance),
DukePrzemko
II of Głogów.
Bolko II needed more troops in order to preserve his position,
so he decided to visit the court of the KingCharles
Robert of Hungary, where he strongly defended the
independence of his sovereignty. Shortly after, he also
established contacts with his grandfather, the Polish King
Władysław I the Elbow-high, and in August of 1329 he went toItalyto
the camp ofLouis
IV of Bavaria, recently crownedHoly
Roman Emperor.
[edit]Expedition
of King John of Bohemia to Silesia in 1331
Bolko II's efforts proved unsuccessful in deterring King John,
who allied with theTeutonic
Order(which was
supposed to distract the Poles) and invaded Silesia in 1331.
Details of Bolko II's actions during that time are unknown, but
King John's progress through Silesia was not easy: thesiegeoverNiemczaand
the disputedGłogówtook
longer than he expected, and his forces were delayed in reachingKalisz,
where was made a peace meeting. In the end, all King John could
incorporated toBohemiawas
the Duchy of Głogów.
[edit]Bolko
II of Ziębice's homage to the Kingdom of Bohemia
In 1336, Bolko II's obtain a political goal when his uncleBolko
II of Ziębiceput
himself under King John's rule. This submission was in return
for a lifelong reign over theKłodzkoregion,
and was influenced by the declaration of the new Polish king,Casimir
III the Great, who renounced some of his claims over Silesia.
[edit]Alliance
with Poland, Hungary and the House of Wittelsbach
Bolko II nonetheless continued his attempts of pursuing an
alliance with Poland and Hungary againstBohemia.
In order to enhance his international position, on 1 June 1338
Bolko II married withAgnes(b.
1322 - d. 2 February 1392), daughter ofLeopold
I, a member of theHabsburgs,
who were among the chief rivals of the Luxembourgs and had
recently won overAustriaandStyria.
He gained some significant results, among them a trade agreement
allowing merchants from his lands access to theHalychregion.
Eventually, on 1 January 1345, his mediation resulted in the
official alliance between the Wittelsbachs, Poland and Hungary.
[edit]War
of King Casimir III of Poland against Bohemia (1345-1348)
Soon afterwards, King Casimir III the Great of Poland used this
new alliance in his favor. The Polish King imprisoned King
John's eldest son and heirCharles,MargraveofMoravia(future
Holy Roman Emperor). King John in turn responded by invading
Bolko II's lands, and the Polish and Hungarian Kings declared
the war. This allowed Bolko II to repulse the now divided
Bohemian forces during the siege ofŚwidnica.
However, the Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV quickly signed a
temporary truce with the Bohemian King. The war continue with
varying fortunes, without any major successes of both parties.
On the Świdnica side, Bolko II lost the fortress inKamienna
Górain 1345, but
recaptured it in 1348, using subterfuge and disguising his
troops as merchants.[1]The
war ended in a draw. King John didn't live to see the end of it;
he died in 1346, in a different war, at theBattle
of Crécy. The Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV died one year
later. On 22 November 1348, the peace was signed inNamysłów,
although Bolko II, for unknown reasons, didn't take part in
those negotiations, and was represented by King Casimir III the
Great. The final normalization of the relations between Bolko II
and the new Holy Roman Emperor and German King Charles IV (also
King of Bohemia after he succeeded his father) only occurred as
a result of the mediation of DukeAlbert
II of Austriaon
16 August 1350.
[edit]Settlement
with Charles IV of Luxembourg (1353)
After the sign of the treaty of 1350, Bolko II began the process
of approaching to theHouse
of Luxembourg, but without sacrificing his good relations
with the Kings Casimir III of Poland andLouis
I of Hungary.
By 1346, after the death of his last surviving uncle, DukeHenry
I of Jawor, Bolko II inherited his domains, the Duchies ofJaworandLwówek.
Soon before, Bolko II's younger brother and co-rulerHenry
IIdied, leaving
only one daughter,Anna.
Bolko II, as the closest male relative, obtain Anna's legal
guardianship and began to considered his niece as the heiress of
all his lands.
In 13 December 1350 was performed the betrothal between the
eleven-years-old Anna and the eleven-months-old Wenceslaus,
eldest son and heir of Emperor Charles IV. Under the terms of
the engagement contract, the couple would inherit Bolko II's
lands in the (likely) case of his heirless death (however, was
stipulated that they only could take formal possession of the
Duchies after the death of Bolko II's wife Agnes of Austria, who,
under her husband's will received his domains as herOprawa
wdowia). However, fifteen days later, on 28 December, the
young Wenceslaus died and the settlement was broken.
Nevertheless, the Emperor decided not to abandon his intentions
to take control in a peaceful way over Bolko II's heritage. The
death of his second wifeAnna
of Bavaria-mother
of the late Wenceslaus- on 2 February 1353 gave him a new
opportunity to obtain the Duchies; almost immediately, he asked
to Bolko II the hand of his niece in marriage and the former
agreement was renewed. The wedding took place inBuda,Hungary(were
Anna live with her mother after the death of her father) on 27
May 1353. Besides Bolko II, the wedding was attended by: Duke
Albert II of Austria, King Louis I of Hungary, MargraveLouis
VI of Brandenburg, Duke Rudolf I of Saxe-Wittenberg (Bolko
II's stepfather) and envoys of KingCasimir
III of Polandand
theRepublic
of Venice.
On 28 July Anna was crowned Queen of Bohemia inPragueby
ArchbishopErnst
of Pardubitz. On 9 February 1354, inAachen,
she was crowned German Queen. As part of the coronation of
Charles IV asHoly
Roman Emperoron
5 April 1355, in the RomanBasilica
of Saint Peter, Anne was crowned Empress of the Holy Roman
Empire. She was thereby the first Queen of Bohemia to become
Empress.
[edit]Cooperation
with Emperor Charles IV. Expasion of Bolko II's domains
The politic of close cooperation with Charles IV of Luxemburg
brought to the Duke of Świdnica a considerable benefits,
especially in the expansion of his frontiers. Due to the
prosperity of his domains, Bolko II could bought much land from
less prosperous Dukes of Silesia. In 1358 he bought thegold
mineinZłoty
Stok, and half ofBrzegandOławafrom
DukeWenceslaus
I of Legnica; soon after, he also buy half toŚcinawato
DukeJan.
In 1359 the Emperor allowed him to buy territories near the
Bohemian border, includingFrydlant,
and shortly after Bolko II also buy the town ofSiewierzto
the Dukes of Cieszyn by the amount of 2,300 fines. In 1360 Bolko
II boughtKąty
Wrocławskieand in the same year, his positive relations with
the Emperor were demonstrated when, after almost thirty years,
where finally accepted the rights of Przemko II's widow
Constance over the half ofGłogówwho
remained under Bohemian control (the other half was given to the
Dukes of Żagań in 1349). One year later, in 1361, Constance (who
was a nun since the death of her husband) renounced to her
domains on behalf of his brother Bolko II. The Emperor,
increasingly sure he would soon gain the property back, was now
willing to pass it to his putative father-in-law.
Bolko II's biggest asset, however, proved to be the acquisition,
together with the Emperor on 14 April 1364 for the enormous sum
of 21,000 fine silver the large town and lands nearŁużyce,
which became one of the most important and prestigious of his
possessions.
Bolko died on 28 July 1368 and was buried in theGrüssau
Abbey. He was the last of the independent Silesian dukes
from thePiast
dynasty,[3]the
line started byWładysław
II the Exile. His lands were held by his wife until 1392;
after her death they were incorporated into the lands ofBohemiabyWenceslaus,
King of the Romans, only son of Emperor Charles IV and Anna
of Świdnica.[4]
Król Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki zmarł w pałacu arcybiskupim we
Lwowie 10
listopada 1673
– jak wykazała sekcja zwłok na skutek pęknięcia wrzodu w przewodzie
pokarmowym, co było spowodowane stresem. Nowym królem obrany został
19 maja1674Jan III Sobieski.
Po nabożeństwie serce króla pochowano w
klasztorze kamedułów na Bielanach w Warszawie. Wnętrzności
pochowano w Katedrze
Łacińskiej we Lwowie, ciało zaś 20 listopada odwieziono
do Warszawy. Doczesne szczątki króla Michała pochowano tego samego dnia wraz
z prochami Jana II Kazimierza Wazy w podziemiach
katedry wawelskiej, w dzień koronacji następcy, Jana III Sobieskiego
31
stycznia1676[5].
Według Legendy Kristiana książę Wacław miał pod wpływem rodziny
ożenić się i spłodzić syna, któremu nadał imię Zbrasłav. Był on jednak
najprawdopodobniej dzieckiem nieślubnym. Imię dziecka mogło nawiązywać do
starosłowiańskiego słowa Sъbor(ъ)slab, związanego z liturgią
słowiańską. Dalsze losy Zbrasłava opierają się wyłącznie na domysłach
historyków. Jedna z hipotez[1]
identyfikuje go z księciem
Stodoran zwanym Vętjeslavitjъ. Imię to jest tłumaczone jako
Vaclavic, czyli syn Wacława.
Prawdopodobnie po zabójstwie ojca Zbraslav znalazł tam azyl polityczny.
Domysł ten uprawdopodabnia fakt, że Zbrasłav był wnukiem stodorańskiej
księżniczki
Drahomiry. Inna teoria[2]
głosi, jakoby Zbrasłav był tożsamy z księciem
libickimSławnikiem,
protoplastą rodu
Sławnikowiców.
które stanowi nowszą postać imienia złożonego Więcesław, Więcław. Zmiana
nastąpiła w okresie średniowiecza pod wpływem języka czeskiego.
qui est une nouvelle forme du nom
du complexe Więcesław,
Wieclaw.Wacław_de_Płock
e changement est survenu pendant le Moyen Âge sous l'influence
Le
Waclaw 1er polonais est le même que
le Venceslas 1er tchèque, descendant
du fondateur de la Dynastie des Piast
en Bohème et frère de Boleslas 1er...
Many of the actual holders of the name
rooted like Wenzel ,Wendel in all the forms depending of local languages may
credit the idea of being a descendent of the line Piast
and the more if they are descendant of a
line living in Poland or the ground where were living the Vandals , the
Wends or the Goths. They should analyse their DNA
Karol IV
miał także nieślubnego syna Wilhelma (Guillaume), którego matka była
Francuzką. Chłopiec urodził się ok.1365. Ojciec
zabezpieczył jego przyszłość poprzez korzystne małżeństwo.
2 min 58 s -
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